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Chapter 12
Hydrocarbons

Alkanes
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Classification, isomerism and IUPAC nomenclature of alkanes

Conformations of ethane — sawhorse and Newman projections

Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes

Alkenes
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Geometrical isomerism in alkenes

Mechanism of electrophilic addition — addition of hydrogen, halogens and water

Addition of hydrogen halides — Markovnikov rule and peroxide effect

Ozonolysis and polymerization of alkenes

Alkynes
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Acidic character of alkynes

Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides to alkynes

Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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Benzene — structure and aromaticity

Mechanism of electrophilic substitution — halogenation and nitration

Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation

Directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzene